Are we living in a string-dominated universe?

TL;DR

This paper introduces a holographic solution with string matter that explains large-scale universe phenomena, suggesting a string-dominated cosmology consistent with observations and proposing a hierarchical universe structure.

Contribution

It presents a new classical holographic solution involving string matter, linking string theory to cosmological scales and providing explanations for universe expansion and matter ratios.

Findings

Holographic solution has properties similar to black holes but with a boundary membrane.

Universe's expansion rate H t ≈ 1 aligns with observations.

Estimated dark matter to baryonic matter ratio is about 6.45.

Abstract

The holographic solution is a new exact solution to the Einstein field equations. It describes a compact self-gravitating object with properties similar to a black hole. Its entropy and temperature at infinity are proportional to the Hawking result. Instead of an event horizon, the holographic solution has a real spherical boundary membrane, situated roughly two Planck distances outside of the object's gravitational radius. The interior matter-state is singularity free. It consists out of string type matter, which is densely packed. Each string has a transverse extension of exactly one Planck area. This dense package of strings might be the reason, why the solution does not collapse to a singularity. The local string tension is inverse proportional to the average string length. This purely classical result has its almost exact correspondence in a recent result in string theory. The holographic solution suggest, that string theory is relevant also on cosmological scales. The large scale phenomena in the universe can be explained naturally in a string context. Due to the zero active gravitational mass-density of the strings the Hubble constant in a string dominated universe is related to its age by H t = 1. The WMAP measurements have determined H t \approx 1.02 \pm 0.02 experimentally. The nearly unaccelerated expansion in a string dominated universe is compatible with the recent supernova measurements. Under the assumption, that the cold dark matter (CDM) consists out of strings, the ratio of CDM to baryonic matter is estimated as \Omega_CDM / \Omega_b \approx 6.45. Some arguments are given, which suggest that the universe might be constructed hierarchically out of its most basic building blocks: strings and membranes.