Quantization of Gravitational System and its Cosmological Consequences

TL;DR

This paper explores the quantum nature of the universe, linking cosmological hierarchies to fundamental constants and proposing that electromagnetic interactions at cosmic scales negate the need for dark energy.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum-based framework for cosmology, including a Machian equation and cosmic-scale Planck constants, challenging dark energy's role in the universe.

Findings

Universe governed by Machian equation $G M=Rc^2$

Electromagnetic interactions active at cosmic scales

Dark energy may be unnecessary in cosmological models

Abstract

We have found that the hierarchial problems appearing in cosmology is a manifestation of the quantum nature of the universe. The universe is still described by the same formulae that once hold at Planck's time. The universe is found to be governed by the Machian equation, $G M=Rc^2$, where $M$ and $R$ are mass and radius of the universe. A Planck's constant for different cosmic scales is provided. The status of the universe at different stages is shown to be described in terms of the fundamental constants (eg. \textcolor{blue}{$c, \hbar, G, \Lambda, H$}) only. The concept of maximal (minimal) acceleration, power, temperature, etc., is introduced and justified. The electromagnetic interactions are shown to be active at a cosmic level. Their contribution would exclude the inclusion of dark energy in cosmology.