Dark matter and stable bound states of primordial black holes

TL;DR

This paper proposes that primordial black holes can form stable quantum bound states called holeums, which could account for dark matter and produce detectable gravitational radiation similar to hydrogen spectra.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of holeums as stable bound states of primordial black holes, with a quantum mechanical exclusion principle and potential observational signatures.

Findings

Holeums can form stable, non-overlapping bound states.

They emit gravitational radiation analogous to hydrogen spectra.

Holeums could constitute dark matter halos around galaxies.

Abstract

We present three reasons for the formation of gravitational bound states of primordial black holes,called holeums,in the early universe.Using Newtonian gravity and nonrelativistic quantum mechanics we find a purely quantum mechanical mass-dependant exclusion property for the nonoverlap of the constituent black holes in a holeum.This ensures that the holeum occupies space just like ordinary matter.A holeum emits only gravitational radiation whose spectrum is an exact analogue of that of a hydrogen atom. A part of this spectrum lies in the region accessible to the detectors being built.The holeums would form haloes around the galaxies and would be an important component of the dark matter in the universe today.They may also be the constituents of the invisible domain walls in the universe.