Conceptual tensions between quantum mechanics and general relativity: Are there experimental consequences, e.g., superconducting transducers between electromagnetic and gravitational radiation?

TL;DR

This paper explores the conceptual tension between quantum mechanics and general relativity, proposing that superconductors could serve as transducers between electromagnetic and gravitational waves, with potential experimental verification.

Contribution

It introduces the idea that superconductors can act as quantum gravitational antennas and transducers, enabling direct conversion between electromagnetic and gravitational radiation.

Findings

Prediction of a Meissner-like expulsion of Lense-Thirring fields from quantum fluids

Proposal that superconductors can convert electromagnetic to gravitational waves with high efficiency

Preliminary experimental results supporting the concept are reported

Abstract

One of the conceptual tensions between quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR) arises from the clash between the spatial nonseparability of entangled states in QM, and the complete spatial separability of all physical systems in GR, i.e., between the nonlocality implied by the superposition principle, and the locality implied by the equivalence principle. Experimental consequences of this conceptual tension will be explored for macroscopically coherent quantum fluids, such as superconductors, superfluids, and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), subjected to tidal and Lense-Thirring fields arising from gravitational radiation. A Meissner-like effect is predicted, in which the Lense-Thirring field is expelled from the bulk of a quantum fluid. Superconductors are predicted to be macroscopic quantum gravitational antennas and transducers, which can directly convert upon reflection a beam of quadrupolar electromagnetic radiation into gravitational radiation, and vice versa, and thus serve as both sources and receivers of gravitational waves. An estimate of the transducer conversion efficiency on the order of unity comes out of the Ginzburg-Landau theory for an extreme type II, dissipationless superconductor with minimal coupling to weak gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields, whose frequency is smaller than the BCS gap frequency, thus satisfying the quantum adiabatic theorem. The concept of ``the impedance of free space for gravitational plane waves'' is introduced, and leads to a natural impedance-matching process, in which the two kinds of radiation fields are impedance-matched to each other around a hundred coherence lengths beneath the surface of the superconductor. A simple, Hertz-like experiment has been performed to test these ideas, and preliminary results will be reported.