Variation of G, $\Lambda_{(4)}$ and Vacuum Energy From Brane-World Models

TL;DR

This paper explores how allowing the extra-dimensional metric component to vary with time in brane-world models leads to variable fundamental constants like G and Lambda, providing new models consistent with observations.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach by considering a time-dependent scalar field in the extra dimension, resulting in variable physical constants within brane-world scenarios.

Findings

Variable G and Lambda can evolve proportionally to H and H^2.

Models are consistent with observational constraints.

Different scenarios include fixed and varying brane parameters.

Abstract

In brane-world theory in five dimensions, the bulk metric is usually written in gaussian coordinates, where $g_{4\mu} = 0$ and $g_{44} = - 1$. However, the choice $g_{44} = - 1$ is an external condition, not a requirement of the field equations. In this paper we study the consequences of having $g_{44} = \epsilon \Phi^2$, where $\epsilon = \pm 1$ and $\Phi$ is a scalar function varying with time, $\dot{\Phi} \neq 0$. This varying field entails the possibility of variable fundamental physical "constants". These variations are different from those predicted in scalar-tensor and multidimensional theories. We solve the five-dimensional equations for a {\em fixed} brane and use the brane-world paradigm to determine the fundamental parameters in the theory, which are the vacuum energy $\sigma$, the gravitational coupling $G$ and the cosmological term $\Lambda_{(4)}$. We present specific models where these physical quantities are variable functions of time. Different scenarios are possible but we discuss with some detail a model for which $\dot{G}/G \sim H$ and $\Lambda_{(4)} \sim H^2$, which seems to be favored by observations. Our results are not in contradiction to previous ones in the literature. In particular, to those where the brane is described as a domain wall moving in a static $Sch-AdS$ bulk. Indeed these latter models in RS scenarios describe the same spacetime as other solutions (with fixed brane) in gaussian coordinates with $\dot{\Phi} = 0 $. We conclude that the introduction of a time-varying $\Phi$ in brane-world theory yields a number of models that show variation in the fundamental physical "constants" and exhibit reasonable physical properties.