Model of Thermal Wavefront Distortion in Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Detectors I: Thermal Focusing

TL;DR

This paper presents a comprehensive steady-state model of thermal wavefront distortion in gravitational-wave detectors, incorporating nonlinear thermal effects, optical mismatches, and diffraction, validated through numerical simulations for initial LIGO.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analytical and numerical model of thermal focusing effects in interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, including nonlinearities and optical imperfections, validated with MATLAB simulations.

Findings

Model accurately predicts thermal wavefront distortions.

Numerical simulations match Fourier transform models in key cases.

Framework allows easy inclusion of additional optical perturbations.

Abstract

We develop a steady-state analytical and numerical model of the optical response of power-recycled Fabry-Perot Michelson laser gravitational-wave detectors to thermal focusing in optical substrates. We assume that the thermal distortions are small enough that we can represent the unperturbed intracavity field anywhere in the detector as a linear combination of basis functions related to the eigenmodes of one of the Fabry-Perot arm cavities, and we take great care to preserve numerically the nearly ideal longitudinal phase resonance conditions that would otherwise be provided by an external servo-locking control system. We have included the effects of nonlinear thermal focusing due to power absorption in both the substrates and coatings of the mirrors and beamsplitter, the effects of a finite mismatch between the curvatures of the laser wavefront and the mirror surface, and the diffraction by the mirror aperture at each instance of reflection and transmission. We demonstrate a detailed numerical example of this model using the MATLAB program Melody for the initial LIGO detector in the Hermite-Gauss basis, and compare the resulting computations of intracavity fields in two special cases with those of a fast Fourier transform field propagation model. Additional systematic perturbations (e.g., mirror tilt, thermoelastic surface deformations, and other optical imperfections) can be included easily by incorporating the appropriate operators into the transfer matrices describing reflection and transmission for the mirrors and beamsplitter.