# Celestial mechanics in Kerr spacetime

## TL;DR

This paper derives explicit formulas for the fundamental frequencies of orbital motion in Kerr spacetime, showing they are geometric invariants and analyzing their behavior for various orbital parameters around rotating black holes.

## Contribution

It provides explicit quadrature formulas for fundamental frequencies in Kerr spacetime and demonstrates their invariance and behavior across different orbital configurations.

## Key findings

- Fundamental frequencies are geometric invariants.
- Formulas derived in terms of quadratures.
- Behavior analyzed for various orbital parameters.

## Abstract

The dynamical parameters conventionally used to specify the orbit of a test particle in Kerr spacetime are the energy $E$, the axial component of the angular momentum, $L_{z}$, and Carter's constant $Q$. These parameters are obtained by solving the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the dynamical problem of geodesic motion. Employing the action-angle variable formalism, on the other hand, yields a different set of constants of motion, namely, the fundamental frequencies $\omega_{r}$, $\omega_{\theta}$ and $\omega_{\phi}$ associated with the radial, polar and azimuthal components of orbital motion. These frequencies, naturally, determine the time scales of orbital motion and, furthermore, the instantaneous gravitational wave spectrum in the adiabatic approximation. In this article, it is shown that the fundamental frequencies are geometric invariants and explicit formulas in terms of quadratures are derived. The numerical evaluation of these formulas in the case of a rapidly rotating black hole illustrates the behaviour of the fundamental frequencies as orbital parameters such as the semi-latus rectum $p$, the eccentricity $e$ or the inclination parameter $\theta_{-}$ are varied. The limiting cases of circular, equatorial and Keplerian motion are investigated as well and it is shown that known results are recovered from the general formulas.