Space-Time--Time: Five-dimensional Kaluza--Weyl Space

TL;DR

This paper introduces a five-dimensional extension of space-time combining Kaluza and Weyl geometries, leading to new insights into particle dynamics, gauge transformations, and quantum-like behaviors in a unified geometric framework.

Contribution

It develops a novel five-dimensional space-time--time model that unifies electromagnetic and Weyl gauge transformations and describes particle motion with quantum-like properties.

Findings

Particles exhibit quantum behavior with appearance and disappearance events.

Charge magnitude is linked to the scalar field at events.

Particle events are biased towards potential wells of the scalar field.

Abstract

Space-time--time couples Kaluza's five-dimensional geometry with Weyl's conformal space-time geometry to produce an extension that goes beyond what either of those theories can achieve by itself. Kaluza's ``cylinder condition'' is replaced by an ``exponential expansion constraint'' that causes translations along the secondary time dimension to induce both the electromagnetic gauge transformations found in the Kaluza and the Weyl theories and the metrical gauge transformations unique to the Weyl theory, related as Weyl had postulated. A space-time--time geodesic describes a test particle whose rest mass, space-time momentum, and electric charge q, all defined kinematically, evolve in accord with definite dynamical laws. Its motion is governed by four apparent forces: the Einstein gravitational force, the Lorentz electromagnetic force, a force proportional to the electromagnetic potential, and a force proportional to a scalar field's gradient d(ln phi). The test particles exhibit quantum behavior: (1) they appear and disappear in full-blown motion at definite events; (2) all that share an event E of appearance or disappearance do so with the same charge magnitude |q| = phi(E); (3) conservation of space-time--time momentum at such an event entails conservation of electric charge in addition to conservation of space-time momentum, among the participating particles; (4) at such events the d(ln phi) force infinitely dominates the other three --- this strongly biases the appearance and disappearance events to be concentrated deep in the discretely spaced potential wells of ln phi, and sparse elsewhere.