Axisymmetric Simulations of Rotating Stellar Collapse in Full General Relativity --- Criteria for Prompt Collapse to Black Holes

TL;DR

This paper presents axisymmetric simulations of rotating stellar collapse in full general relativity, analyzing how rotation influences the threshold for prompt black hole formation using a new numerical code.

Contribution

The study introduces a new numerical code for axisymmetric hydrodynamic simulations in full general relativity and investigates the impact of rotation on black hole formation criteria.

Findings

Black hole formation criterion depends strongly on the angular momentum parameter q.

For q < 0.5, the threshold is insensitive to q, similar to non-rotating stars.

For q ≈ 0.9, the maximum allowed rest mass increases by 70-80% compared to spherical stars.

Abstract

Motivated by a recent paper by the Potsdam numerical relativity group, we have constructed a new numerical code for hydrodynamic simulation of axisymmetric systems in full general relativity. In this code, we solve the Einstein field equation using Cartesian coordinates with appropriate boundary conditions. On the other hand, the hydrodynamic equations are solved in cylindrical coordinates. Using this code, we perform simulations to study axisymmetric collapse of rotating stars, which thereby become black holes or new compact stars, in full general relativity. To investigate the effects of rotation on the criterion for prompt collapse to black holes, we first adopt a polytropic equation of state, $P=K\rho^{\Gamma}$, where $P$, $\rho$, and $K$ are the pressure, rest mass density, and polytropic constant, with $\Gamma=2$. In this case, the collapse is adiabatic (i.e., no change in entropy), and we can focus on the bare effect of rotation. As the initial conditions, we prepare rigidly and differentially rotating stars in equilibrium and then decrease the pressure to induce collapse. In this paper, we consider cases in which $q \equiv J/M_g^2 < 1$, where $J$ and $M_g$ are the angular momentum and the gravitational mass. It is found that the criterion of black hole formation is strongly dependent on the angular momentum parameter $q$. For $q < 0.5$, the criterion is not strongly sensitive to $q$; more precisely, if the rest mass is slightly larger than the maximum allowed value of spherical stars, a black hole is formed. However, for $q \alt 1$, it changes significantly: For $q \simeq 0.9$, the maximum allowed rest mass becomes $\sim 70$ - 80% larger than that for spherical stars.