Novel surface state in a class of incommensurate system

TL;DR

This paper uncovers a novel surface state in incommensurate systems, showing that such states can exist even without surface-specific interactions, and explores their properties and phase transitions.

Contribution

It reveals the existence of unique surface states in incommensurate systems driven by a gradient term, independent of surface fields or interactions, and analyzes their phase behavior.

Findings

Surface states exist in homogeneous bulk regions.

Surface states have opposite order parameter sign near the surface.

Surface phase transition occurs when surface states become unfavorable.

Abstract

We study the Landau model of the class of incommensurate systems with a scalar order parameter where the modulated phase is driven by a gradient-squared term with negative coefficient. For example, theoretical studies of cholesteric liquid crystals in a field (electric or magnetic) suggest that such an modulated phase should exist at high chirality. The bulk phase diagram in the presence of a bulk external field which couples linearly to the order parameter exhibits a modulated phase inside a loop in the temperature-field plane, and a homogeneous phase outside. On analyzing the same model for a semi-infinite system, we find a surprising result; the system exhibits surface states in a region where the bulk phase is homogeneous (but close to the modulated region). These states are very different from the well-known surface states induced either by a surface field or by enhanced interactions at the surface, for they exist and are energetically favored even when the sole effect of the surface is to terminate the bulk, as expressed by free boundary conditions taken at the surface. Near the surface, the surface-state order parameter is very different from the bulk value (in fact, it has the opposite sign). When the temperature or the bulk field are varied to move away from the modulated state, we find a surface phase transition at which the surface states become energetically unfavorable, though they continue to exist as metastable states. We then study how a surface field changes the surface phase diagram.