Transformation of Thernal Energy in Electric Energy in an Inhomogeneous Superconducting Ring

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that inhomogeneous superconducting rings can convert thermal energy into direct current electricity, challenging traditional thermodynamic laws under certain conditions due to thermal fluctuations and magnetic flux effects.

Contribution

It introduces a novel mechanism for thermal-to-electrical energy conversion in superconducting rings, including cases that defy classical thermodynamics.

Findings

Heat energy can be transformed into electric energy in superconducting rings.

The process can occur at constant temperature, contradicting classical thermodynamics.

Thermal fluctuations can be ordered by magnetic flux to produce directed electron motion.

Abstract

It is shown that a heat energy can be transformed in an electric energy of direct current by the use of an inhomogeneous superconducting ring. This trasformation is possible both at an iterative change of temperature and at an unaltered temperature. In the first case the ring is a classical heat engine with a maximum efficiency in the Carno cycle. The second case contradicts to the second thermodynamic law formulated in the middle of last century. Nevertheless this result is correct because the thermal fluctuation is an opposite (relatively of the second thermodynamic law) consequence of the law of entropy increase. In order to introduce some order into the chaotic energy of the thermal fluctuations a preferential direction should exist. Such preferential direction of superconducting electron motion exists in a ring if a magnetic flux is not divisible by the flux quantum.