Effective interactions due to quantum fluctuations

TL;DR

This paper investigates how quantum fluctuations induce effective interactions in lattice systems, influencing phase diagrams, especially in models like Hubbard and Bose-Hubbard, at low temperatures.

Contribution

It demonstrates that small off-diagonal quantum effects create effective interactions that can stabilize certain ground states and deform phase diagrams.

Findings

Quantum fluctuations induce effective interactions between particles.

Degenerate ground states can be stabilized by these effective potentials.

Low temperature phase diagrams are deformations of zero temperature diagrams.

Abstract

Quantum lattice systems are rigorously studied at low temperatures. When the Hamiltonian of the system consists of a potential (diagonal) term and a - small - off-diagonal matrix containing typically quantum effects, such as a hopping matrix, we show that the latter creates an effective interaction between the particles. In the case that the potential matrix has infinitely many degenerate ground states, some of them may be stabilized by the effective potential. The low temperature phase diagram is thus a small deformation of the zero temperature phase diagram of the diagonal potential and the effective potential. As illustrations we discuss the asymmetric Hubbard model and the hard-core Bose-Hubbard model.