From Quantum Dynamics to the Canonical Distribution: General Picture and a Rigorous Example

TL;DR

This paper rigorously derives the canonical distribution from quantum dynamics for a closed system with a subsystem and heat bath, demonstrating that typical quantum states evolve to exhibit thermodynamic behavior.

Contribution

It provides a rigorous derivation of the canonical distribution from quantum mechanics under specific hypotheses, including explicit examples without unproven assumptions.

Findings

Canonical distribution emerges from quantum dynamics in large systems

Expectation values of subsystem operators match thermodynamic predictions

Explicit examples demonstrate the derivation's rigor

Abstract

Derivation of the canonical (or Boltzmann) distribution based only on quantum dynamics is discussed. Consider a closed system which consists of mutually interacting subsystem and heat bath, and assume that the whole system is initially in a pure state (which can be far from equilibrium) with small energy fluctuation. Under the "hypothesis of equal weights for eigenstates", we derive the canonical distribution in the sense that, at sufficiently large and typical time, the (instantaneous) quantum mechanical expectation value of an arbitrary operator of the subsystem is almost equal to the desired canonical expectation value. We present a class of examples in which the above derivation can be rigorously established without any unproven hypotheses.