Phase diagram of the 2D $^4$He in the density-temperature plane

TL;DR

This paper investigates the phase diagram of thin 2D $^4$He films, analyzing vortex behavior, interactions, and phase transitions using many-body calculations and experimental data, revealing complex vortex states and critical densities.

Contribution

It introduces a variational many-body approach to estimate vortex properties and maps the phase diagram of 2D $^4$He, including vortex-antivortex transitions and mode splitting.

Findings

Predicted critical density for vortex-antivortex transition.

Identified vortex crystal and liquid crystal phases.

Explained third sound mode splitting in experiments.

Abstract

Thin $^4$He films adsorbed to weakly attractive substrates form nearly 2D layers. We describe the vortices in 2D superfluid $^4$He like quasiparticles. With the aid of a variational many-body calculation we estimate their inertial mass and describe their interactions with the $^4$He particles and other vortices. Third sound measurements revealed anomalous behavior below the BKT-phase transition temperature. We ascribe this to the sound mode traveling in the fluid of vortex-antivortex pairs. These pairs forms a crystal (or liquid crystal) when the film thickness increases, the third sound mode splits into two separate modes as seen in experiments. Our many-body calculation predicts the critical density, at which the phase transition into the vortex-antivortex state at zero temperature occurs. We also describe the phase diagram of thin $^4$He films.