COSMOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS IN SUPERFLUIDS AND SUPERCONDUCTORS

TL;DR

This paper analyzes how the density of topological defects in superfluid and superconductor phase transitions is determined by the competition between quench and relaxation rates, offering a revised scenario with cosmological implications.

Contribution

It introduces a new framework for defect formation based on non-equilibrium dynamics and freeze-out time, differing from the traditional Ginzburg temperature approach.

Findings

The domain size at defect formation is set by the relaxation and quench rates.

The scenario explains vortex production in superfluid helium-4 experiments.

It has implications for cosmological defect formation theories.

Abstract

Evolution of the order parameter in condensed matter analogues of cosmological phase transitions is discussed. It is shown that the density of the frozen-out topological defects is set by the competition between the quench rate -- the rate at which the phase transition is taking place -- and the relaxation rate of the order parameter. More specifically, the characteristic domain size which determines the typical distance separating topological defects in the new broken symmetry phase (and, therefore, their density) is determined by the correlation length at the instant at which the relaxation timescale of the order parameter is equal to the time from the phase transition. This scenario shares with the Kibble mechanism the idea that topological defects will appear ``in between'' domains with independently chosen broken symmetry vacuum. However, it differs from the original proposal in estimating the size of such domains through the non-equilibrium aspects of the transition (quench rate), rather than through the Ginzburg temperature at which thermally activated symmetry restoration can still occur in the correlation - length sized volumes of the broken symmetry phase. This scenario can be employed to analyze recent superfluid quench experiments carried out in bulk He$^4$ to study the analogue of the ``cosmological'' prediction of significant vortex line production. It can be also applied to superfluid quenches in annular geometry, as well as to the rapid phase transition from the normal metal to superconductor, where the symmetry breaking occurs in the order parameter with the local (rather than a global) gauge. Cosmological implications of the revised defect formation scenario with the critical domain size set by the freeze-out time rather than by the Ginzburg temperature are also briefly considered.