Two-Temperature Model of non-equilibrium electron relaxation: A Review

TL;DR

This review discusses the Two-Temperature Model for non-equilibrium electron relaxation in metals, highlighting its applications, limitations, modifications for nano-systems, and recent experimental advances using femtosecond laser technology.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the TTM, clarifies its validity conditions, discusses modifications for nano-scale systems, and introduces a new phenomenological equation beyond TTM.

Findings

TTM effectively models femtosecond electron relaxation in metals.

Modifications are necessary for nano-scale systems.

A new phenomenological equation extends understanding beyond TTM.

Abstract

The present paper is a review of the phenomena related to non-equilibrium electron relaxation in bulk and nano-scale metallic samples. The workable Two-Temperature Model (TTM) based on Boltzmann-Bloch-Peierls (BBP) kinetic equation has been applied to study the ultra-fast(femto-second) electronic relaxation in various metallic systems. The advent of new ultra-fast (femto-second) laser technology and pump-probe spectroscopy has produced wealth of new results for micro and nano-scale electronic technology. The aim of this paper is to clarify the TTM, conditions of its validity and non-validity, its modifications for nano-systems, to sum-up the progress, and to point out open problems in this field. We also give a phenomenological integro-differential equation for the kinetics of non-degenerate electrons that goes beyond the TTM.