On Site Raman Analysis of Iznik Pottery Glazes and Pigments

TL;DR

This study uses on-site Raman spectroscopy to analyze Iznik pottery glazes and pigments, revealing compositional details and aiding in classification and dating of these historic ceramics.

Contribution

It demonstrates the potential of in situ Raman analysis for classifying and dating Iznik pottery based on glaze and pigment composition.

Findings

Glaze structure indicates lead silicate composition with stable polymerization.

Different crystalline phases identified include quartz, haematite, spinel, cassiterite, garnet, and zircon.

Presence of tin oxide and chromium pigments varies among samples.

Abstract

On site Raman analyses were performed at the Mus\'{e}e national de C\'{e}ramique, S\`{e}vres, France, on rare Iznik (former Nicaea) pottery produced from ~1480 to ~1620. A comparison is made with a series of shards. The town of production of these potteries was highly disputed in the 80's and many questions still remain. The potential of glaze on-site analyses as a classification/datating tool is evaluated. The structure of the silicate glaze does not change with the sample (index of polymerisation ~ 0.5-0.8, indicating a lead silicate composition; characteristic Si-O stretching mode doublet at \~985 and 1030-1050 cm-1). By contrast the corresponding signature of most of the "K\"{u}tahya" wares peaks at ~1070-1090 cm-1. The lowest index is measured for a brilliant overglazed red bole, according to a lower temperature of (post)firing. The different crystalline phases identified in the glaze are -quartz, haematite, spinel, cassiterite, uvarovite garnet and zircon. White colour arises from -quartz slip in most samples studied. Cassiterite (SnO2) opacifier is only present in some early blue-and-white ceramics (Master of the Knots and Baba Nakkas style, ca. 1510-1530) and we do not have other evidence of its intentional use as an opacifier. Intentional addition of tin oxide is likely for colour lightening in some red, blue and in clear green boles. At least two types of red glazes and two types of Cr-containing green pigments are evidenced.