Effect of Quadratic Zeeman Energy on the Vortex of Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensates

TL;DR

This paper investigates how quadratic Zeeman energy influences vortex states in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates, revealing new vortex types and significant effects on magnetization and phase diagrams, which were previously overlooked.

Contribution

It introduces the effects of quadratic Zeeman energy into vortex state analysis, providing new phase diagrams and identifying novel vortex configurations.

Findings

Quadratic Zeeman energy significantly alters vortex phase diagrams.

Several new vortex states are identified.

Magnetization direction is affected by quadratic Zeeman energy.

Abstract

The spinor Bose-Einstein condensate of atomic gases has been experimentally realized by a number of groups. Further, theoretical proposals of the possible vortex states have been sugessted. This paper studies the effects of the quadratic Zeeman energy on the vortex states. This energy was ignored in previous theoretical studies, although it exists in experimental systems. We present phase diagrams of various vortex states taking into account the quadratic Zeeman energy. The vortex states are calculated by the Gross-Pitaevskii equations. Several new kinds of vortex states are found. It is also found that the quadratic Zeeman energy affects the direction of total magnetization and causes a significant change in the phase diagrams.