Broken axisymmetry phase of a spin-1 ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate
Keiji Murata, Hiroki Saito, and Masahito Ueda
TL;DR
This paper investigates a unique broken-axisymmetry phase in a spin-1 ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate, revealing coupled phonon-magnon excitations and symmetry breakings under magnetic fields.
Contribution
It introduces the broken-axisymmetry phase in spin-1 BECs and analyzes its Goldstone modes and symmetry properties using Bogoliubov theory.
Findings
Existence of a broken-axisymmetry phase with tilted magnetization
Presence of two coupled Goldstone modes (phonons and magnons)
Symmetry breaking of U(1) and SO(2) in the phase
Abstract
A spin-1 ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate subject to a certain magnetic field exhibits a broken-axisymmetry phase in which the magnetization tilts against the applied magnetic field due to the competition between ferromagnetism and linear and quadratic Zeeman effects. The Bogoliubov analysis shows that in this phase two Goldstone modes associated with U(1) and SO(2) symmetry breakings exist, in which phonons and magnons are coupled to restore the two broken symmetries.
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