Symmetry breaking and Wigner molecules in few-electron quantum dots

TL;DR

This paper explores how strong electron-electron interactions in two-dimensional quantum dots lead to symmetry breaking and the formation of Wigner molecules, with implications for understanding magnetic field effects and entanglement in such systems.

Contribution

It introduces new insights into symmetry breaking, Wigner molecule formation, and electron localization in quantum dots, supported by theoretical calculations and experimental comparisons.

Findings

Wigner molecules form at zero magnetic field due to strong repulsion.

Calculated singlet-triplet splitting matches experimental cotunneling data.

Entanglement measures correlate with the dissociation of electron dimers.

Abstract

We discuss symmetry breaking in two-dimensional quantum dots resulting from strong interelectron repulsion relative to the zero-point kinetic energy associated with the confining potential. Such symmetry breaking leads to the emergence of crystalline arrangements of electrons in the dot. The so-called Wigner molecules form already at field-free conditions. The appearance of rotating Wigner molecules in circular dots under high magnetic field, and their relation to magic angular momenta and quantum-Hall-effect fractional fillings, is also discussed. Recent calculations for two electrons in an elliptic quantum dot, using exact diagonalization and an approximate generalized-Heitler-London treatment, show that the electrons can localize and form a molecular dimer for screened interelectron repulsion. The calculated singlet-triplet splitting (J) as a function of the magnetic field (B) agrees with cotunneling measurements; its behavior reflects the effective dissociation of the dimer for large B. Knowledge of the dot shape and of J(B) allows determination of two measures of entanglement (concurrence and von Neumann entropy for indistinguishable fermions), whose behavior correlates also with the dissociation of the dimer. The theoretical value for the concurrence at B=0 agrees with the experimental estimates.