Non-Hermitean Random Matrix Theory: Summation of Planar Diagrams, the "Single-Ring" Theorem and the Disk-Annulus Phase Transition

TL;DR

This paper reviews the analysis of complex non-Hermitian random matrices, introducing the Method of Hermitization, deriving a master equation for eigenvalue density, and proving the Single-Ring Theorem with a phase transition between disk and annulus shapes.

Contribution

It introduces an explicit resummation method for planar diagrams in non-Hermitian ensembles and proves the Single-Ring Theorem, elucidating the eigenvalue distribution shapes and phase transition.

Findings

Eigenvalue distribution is either a disk or an annulus.

A phase transition occurs between the disk and annulus shapes.

The shape depends on ensemble parameters and can change via a phase transition.

Abstract

I review aspects of work done in collaboration with A. Zee and R. Scalettar \cite{fz1,fz2,fsz} on complex non-hermitean random matrices. I open by explaining why the bag of tools used regularly in analyzing hermitean random matrices cannot be applied directly to analyze non-hermitean matrices, and then introduce the Method of Hermitization, which solves this problem. Then, for rotationally invariant ensembles, I derive a master equation for the average density of eigenvalues in the complex plane, in the limit of infinitely large matrices. This is achieved by resumming all the planar diagrams which appear in the perturbative expansion of the hermitized Green function. Remarkably, this resummation can be carried {\em explicitly} for any rotationally invariant ensemble. I prove that in the limit of infinitely large matrices, the shape of the eigenvalue distribution is either a disk or an annulus. This is the celebrated ``Single-Ring'' Theorem. Which of these shapes is realized is determined by the parameters (coupling constants) which determine the ensemble. By varying these parameters a phase transition may occur between the two possible shapes. I briefly discuss the universal features of this transition. As the analysis of this problem relies heavily on summation of planar Feynman diagrams, I take special effort at presenting a pedagogical exposition of the diagrammatic method, which some readers may find useful.