Two-dimensional solitons in the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with spatially modulated nonlinearity

TL;DR

This paper investigates two-dimensional solitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate with spatially modulated nonlinearity, revealing stable configurations, stability limits, and bistability phenomena through numerical and analytical methods.

Contribution

It introduces a model with spatially varying nonlinearity in the 2D Gross-Pitaevskii equation and finds exact, numerical, and variational soliton solutions, including stability analysis and vortex instability.

Findings

Stable 2D solitons exist in specific parameter regions.

Stability is limited by the ratio of annulus radii, disappearing beyond 0.47.

Bistability between solitons and breathers is demonstrated.

Abstract

We introduce a dynamical model of a Bose-Einstein condensate based on the 2D Gross-Pitaevskii equation, in which the nonlinear coefficient is a function of radius. The model describes a situation with spatial modulation of the negative atomic scattering length, via the Feshbach resonance controlled by a properly shaped magnetic of optical field. We focus on the configuration with the nonlinear coefficient different from zero in a circle or annulus, including the case of a narrow ring. Two-dimensional axisymmetric solitons are found in a numerical form, and also by means of a variational approximation; for an infinitely narrow ring, the soliton is found in an exact form (in the latter case, exact solitons are also found in a two-component model). A stability region for the solitons is identified by means of numerical and analytical methods. In particular, if the nonlinearity is supported on the annulus, the upper stability border is determined by azimuthal perturbations; the stability region disappears if the ratio of the inner and outer radii of the annulus exceeds a critical value 0.47. The model gives rise to bistability, as the stationary solitons coexist with stable axisymmetric breathers, whose stability region extends to higher values of the norm than that of the static solitons. The collapse threshold strongly increases with the radius of the inner hole of the annulus. Vortex solitons are found too, but they are unstable.