Effect of pinning and driving force on the metastability effects in weakly pinned superconductors and the determination of spinodal line pertaining to order-disorder transition

TL;DR

This study investigates how varying drive and pinning influence metastability and phase transitions in vortex matter within weakly pinned superconductors, using ac susceptibility to map vortex phases and identify the spinodal line.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of metastability effects, phase diagram construction, and the role of drive and pinning in weakly pinned superconductors, highlighting the interplay between order and disorder.

Findings

Optimal drive-pinning balance reveals metastability effects.

Second magnetization peak anomaly appears with increased pinning.

Metastability limits are identified via third harmonic ac susceptibility.

Abstract

We explore the effect of varying drive on metastability features exhibited by the vortex matter in single crystals of 2H-NbSe$_2$ and CeRu$_2$ with varying degree of random pinning. An optimal balance between the pinning and driving force is needed to view the metastability effects in typically weakly pinned specimen of low temperature superconductors. As one uses samples with larger pinning in order to differentiate the response of different metastable vortex states, one encounters a new phenomena, viz., the second magnetization peak (SMP) anomaly prior to the PE. Interplay between the path dependence in the critical current density and the non-linearity in the electromagnetic response determine the metastability effects seen in first and the third harmonic response of the ac susceptibility across the temperature regions of the SMP and the PE. The limiting temperature above which metastability effects cease can be conveniently located in the third harmonic data, and the observed behavior can be rationalized within the Beans Critical State model. A vortex phase diagram showing the different vortex phases for a typically weakly pinned specimen has been constructed via the ac susceptibility data in a crystal of 2H-NbSe$_2$ which shows the SMP and the PE anomalies. The phase space of coexisting weaker and stronger pinned regions has been identified. It can be bifurcated into two parts, where the order and disorder dominate, respectively. The former part continuously connects to the reentrant disordered vortex phase pertaining to the small bundle pinning regime, where the vortices are far apart, interaction effects are weak and the polycrystalline form of flux line lattice prevails.