Stability of smectic phases in hard-rod mixtures

TL;DR

This study uses density-functional theory to compare the stability of smectic and columnar phases in binary mixtures of hard rods, revealing that orientation restrictions significantly influence phase stability.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of smectic and columnar phase stability using two theoretical models, including a novel phase diagram with full correlation details.

Findings

Restricted orientations favor columnar phases over smectic.

Full orientational freedom allows coexistence of smectic and columnar phases.

Columnar phases can dominate in certain mixtures depending on the model.

Abstract

Using density-functional theory, we have analyzed the phase behavior of binary mixtures of hard rods of different lengths and diameters. Previous studies have shown a strong tendency of smectic phases of these mixtures to segregate and, in some circumstances, to form microsegregated phases. Our focus in the present work is on the formation of columnar phases which some studies, under some approximations, have shown to become thermodynamically stable prior to crystallization. Specifically we focus on the relative stability between smectic and columnar phases, a question not fully addressed in previous work. Our analysis is based on two complementary perspectives: on the one hand, an extended Onsager theory, which includes the full orientational degrees of freedom but with spatial and orientational correlations being treated in an approximate manner; on the other hand, we formulate a Zwanzig approximation of fundamental-measure theory on hard parallelepipeds, whereby orientations are restricted to be only along three mutually orthogonal axes, but correlations are faithfully represented. In the latter case novel, complete phase diagrams containing regions of stability of liquid-crystalline phases are calculated. Our findings indicate that the restricted-orientation approximation enhances the stability of columnar phases so as to preempt smectic order completely while, in the framework of the extended Onsager model, with full orientational degrees of freedom taken into account, columnar phases may preempt a large region of smectic stability in some mixtures, but some smectic order still persists.