Inelastic cotunneling induced decoherence and relaxation, charge and spin currents in an interacting quantum dot under a magnetic field

TL;DR

This paper develops a theoretical framework to analyze nonequilibrium cotunneling in a magnetic quantum dot, revealing how inelastic processes induce decoherence and enable charge and spin currents under various conditions.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum Heisenberg-Langevin approach with Bloch equations to explicitly describe spin dynamics and transport in a Coulomb-blockaded quantum dot under magnetic field.

Findings

All cotunneling causes decoherence.

Inelastic spin-flip cotunneling leads to relaxation.

Spin-flip cotunneling is necessary for spin current generation.

Abstract

We present a theoretical analysis of several aspects of nonequilibirum cotunneling through a strong Coulomb-blockaded quantum dot (QD) subject to a finite magnetic field in the weak coupling limit. We carry this out by developing a generic quantum Heisenberg-Langevin equation approach leading to a set of Bloch dynamical equations which describe the nonequilibrium cotunneling in a convenient and compact way. These equations describe the time evolution of the spin variables of the QD explicitly in terms of the response and correlation functions of the free reservoir variables. This scheme not only provides analytical expressions for the relaxation and decoherence of the localized spin induced by cotunneling, but it also facilitates evaluations of the nonequilibrium magnetization, the charge current, and the spin current at arbitrary bias-voltage, magnetic field, and temperature. We find that all cotunneling events produce decoherence, but relaxation stems only from {\em inelastic} spin-flip cotunneling processes. Moreover, our specific calculations show that cotunneling processes involving electron transfer (both spin-flip and non-spin-flip) contribute to charge current, while spin-flip cotunneling processes are required to produce a net spin current in the asymmetric coupling case. We also point out that under the influence of a nonzero magnetic field, spin-flip cotunneling is an energy-consuming process requiring a sufficiently strong external bias-voltage for activation, explaining the behavior of differential conductance at low temperature: in particular, the splitting of the zero-bias anomaly in the charge current and a broad zero-magnitude "window" of differential conductance for the spin current near zero-bias-voltage.