Full counting statistics of heteronuclear molecules from Feshbach-assisted photo association

TL;DR

This paper investigates how quantum statistics influence the counting statistics of heteronuclear molecules formed via Feshbach-assisted photoassociation, revealing differences in coherence and noise depending on the initial atomic states.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum optics approach to analyze full counting statistics in heteronuclear molecule formation from various quantum gases, including Bose-Einstein condensates and Fermi gases, with detailed numerical and analytical methods.

Findings

Intermediate molecules from BECs or Bose-Fermi mixtures are second-order coherent.

Molecules from normal Fermi gases exhibit thermal-like counting statistics.

Deeply-bound molecules show twice the noise of intermediate molecules due to cavity coupling.

Abstract

We study the effects of quantum statistics on the counting statistics of ultracold heteronuclear molecules formed by Feshbach-assisted photoassociation [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 93}, 140405 (2004)]. Exploiting the formal similarities with sum frequency generation and using quantum optics methods we consider the cases where the molecules are formed from atoms out of two Bose-Einstein condensates, out of a Bose-Einstein condensate and a gas of degenerate fermions, and out of two degenerate Fermi gases with and without superfluidity. Bosons are treated in a single mode approximation and fermions in a degenerate model. In these approximations we can numerically solve the master equations describing the system's dynamics and thus we find the full counting statistics of the molecular modes. The full quantum dynamics calculations are complemented by mean field calculations and short time perturbative expansions. While the molecule production rates are very similar in all three cases at this level of approximation, differences show up in the counting statistics of the molecular fields. The intermediate field of closed-channel molecules is for short times second-order coherent if the molecules are formed from two Bose-Einstein condensates or a Bose-Fermi mixture. They show counting statistics similar to a thermal field if formed from two normal Fermi gases. The coherence properties of molecule formation in two superfluid Fermi gases are intermediate between the two previous cases. In all cases the final field of deeply-bound molecules is found to be twice as noisy as that of the intermediate state. This is a consequence of its coupling to the lossy optical cavity in our model, which acts as an input port for quantum noise, much like the situation in an optical beam splitter.