Melting and nonmelting of solid surfaces and nanosystems

TL;DR

This review synthesizes theoretical and simulation insights into the equilibrium behaviors of solid surfaces and nanosystems near melting, covering phenomena, classes of solids, special cases, and nanoscale premelting effects.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of surface melting and nonmelting phenomena across various solid classes, integrating recent theoretical and simulation advances.

Findings

Surface melting varies among different solid types.

Nanoscale systems exhibit premelting behaviors.

Surface phenomena influence nanostructure stability.

Abstract

We present an extensive but concise review of our present understanding, largely based on theory and simulation work from our group, on the equilibrium behavior of solid surfaces and nanosystems close to the bulk melting point. In the first part we define phenomena, in particular surface melting and nonmelting, and review some related theoretical approaches, from heuristic theories to computer simulation. In the second part we describe the surface melting/nonmelting behavior of several different classes of solids, ranging from van der Waals crystals, to valence semiconductors, to ionic crystals and metals. In the third part, we address special cases such as strained solids, the defreezing of glass surfaces, and rotational surface melting. Next, we digress briefly to surface layering of a liquid metal, possibly leading to solid-like or hexatic two dimensional phases floating on the liquid. In the final part, the relationship of surface melting to the premelting of nanoclusters and nanowires is reviewed.