Van der Waals force noise

TL;DR

This paper develops a quantum theory for van der Waals force noise between macroscopic bodies, highlighting its temperature dependence, different mechanisms from mean force, and enhancement under applied voltage, aligning qualitatively with experiments.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum framework for vdW force noise, distinguishing it from mean vdW force, and predicts its temperature and voltage dependence with experimental relevance.

Findings

vdW force noise decreases with temperature

noise is enhanced by applied dc voltage in metals

theoretical predictions align qualitatively with experiments

Abstract

The quantum theory of the fluctuations of the van der Waals (vdW) force between macroscopic bodies is developed. Unlike the mean vdW force that is determined by all quantum states that contribute to the optical absorption, the energies of those excitations of the interacting bodies that contribute effectively to the vdW force noise are thermal energies. Contrary to the mean vdW force the vdW force noise drops with decreasing temperature. Due to these differences the main mechanism of the mean vdW force and that of the vdW force noise may be different, e.g., the mean vdW force is determined by electronic xcitations, the force noise by the random lattice or impurity dynamics. Since the vdW force is linear in the fields squared the dependence of the vdW force noise correlation function on time difference is determined not by one but by two frequencies: the spectral density depends not only on the frequency of its measurement but also on the integral over the second frequency. The dependence of its integrand on this frequency and emperature is quantum-like even at small measurement frequency, and such may be the behavior of the vdW noise. In the case of interacting metals the vdW force noise is enhanced by dc voltage applied across these metals. This additional noise is proportional to the voltage squared and to the spectral density of the random electric field at the frequency of noise measurement. The theory is in qualitative agreement with experiments.