Ramsey interferometry with atoms and molecules: two-body versus many-body phenomena

TL;DR

This paper analyzes atom-molecule Ramsey fringes in Bose-Einstein condensates near a Feshbach resonance, comparing experimental results with theory, and exploring the transition from two-body to many-body phenomena.

Contribution

It provides a detailed theoretical and numerical analysis of Ramsey fringes, highlighting the conditions where binary molecular physics breaks down in many-body systems.

Findings

Oscillation frequencies match theoretical predictions except near scattering length singularity.

Deviations from binary dynamics occur when molecular wave function size approaches interatomic distance.

Experiments identify regimes where molecules behave as distinct entities versus many-body effects.

Abstract

We discuss the frequency and visibility of atom-molecule Ramsey fringes observed in recent experiments by Claussen et al.[Phys. Rev. A 67, 060701 (2003)]. In these experiments a 85Rb Bose-Einstein condensate was exposed to a sequence of magnetic field pulses on the high field side of the 155 G Feshbach resonance. The observed oscillation frequencies largely agree with the theoretically predicted magnetic field dependence of the binding energy of the highest excited diatomic vibrational state, except for a small region very close to the singularity of the scattering length. Our analytic treatment of the experiment, as well as our dynamical simulations, follow the magnitude of the measured oscillation frequencies as well as the visibilities of the Ramsey fringes. We show that significant deviations from a purely binary dynamics, with an associated binding frequency, occur when the spatial extent of the molecular wave function becomes comparable with the mean distance between the atoms in the dilute gas. The experiments thus clearly identify the conditions under which diatomic molecules may be identified as a separate entity of the gas or, conversely, when the concept of binary physics in a many-body environment is bound to break down.