Heisenberg constraints on mesoscopic and molecular amplifiers

TL;DR

This paper derives Heisenberg uncertainty-based constraints on the performance of linear amplifiers, including transistors and molecular devices, where input signals modulate bias currents, highlighting fundamental quantum limits.

Contribution

It introduces a general framework for applying Heisenberg uncertainty relations to a broad class of linear amplifiers across different scales.

Findings

Heisenberg constraints limit amplifier gain and noise performance.

Derived bounds apply to mesoscopic and molecular amplifiers.

Framework unifies quantum limits across various amplifier types.

Abstract

Heisenberg uncertainty relations for current components impose constraints on the performance of linear amplifiers. Here we derive such constraints for amplifiers in which the input signal modulates a bias current in order to produce an amplified output. These amplifiers include transistors, macroscopic, mesoscopic, or molecular, operated as linear amplifiers.