Cavity Growth in Soft Solids

TL;DR

This paper investigates cavity growth in soft solids, revealing a transition from stress-controlled to energy-activated growth regimes influenced by a critical length scale related to surface energy and elastic modulus.

Contribution

It introduces a new experimental understanding of cavity growth regimes in soft solids, highlighting the role of a critical length scale Gc/E in transition behavior.

Findings

Cavity growth transitions from stress-controlled to energy-activated at a size threshold.

Energy-activated growth increases cavitation stress in thin layers.

A critical length scale Gc/E governs the growth regime transition.

Abstract

Soft polymer-based solid materials can be defined as solid materials with elastic moduli below 1 MPa. In order to obtain such a low modulus while retaining a solid character, all these materials are based on a network of fixed points (crosslinks, physical interactions) keeping together a liquid-like matrix. Since they are not able to flow, very large deformations will lead to failure by fracture or cavitation. We discuss in this paper new experimental data suggesting that the growth of a cavity in a soft nearly elastic solid undergoes a transition from a stress-controlled growth, when the initial cavity size is larger than Gc/E, to an energy-activated growth, when the initial cavity size is smaller than Gc/E. The important material length scale Gc/E represents the ratio between the surface energy necessary to expand the cavity and the elastic modulus. This energy activated growth regime is due to the existence of a metastable solution and significantly increases the apparent cavitation stress for layers thinner than 1000 Gc/E.