Anomalously slow phase transitions in self-gravitating systems

TL;DR

This paper investigates the unusually slow phase transitions in self-gravitating systems, revealing that collapse times are significantly longer than velocity relaxation times due to slow energy exchange between core and halo, with implications for astrophysics.

Contribution

It demonstrates that collapse in self-gravitating systems can be anomalously slow and identifies the energy exchange mechanism as the cause, highlighting the effect of softcore radius on collapse times.

Findings

Collapse takes 10^3 to 10^4 particle crossing times.

Collapse time decreases with increasing softcore radius.

Energy exchange between core and halo is exponentially slow.

Abstract

Kinetics of collapse and explosion transitions in microcanonical self-gravitating ensembles is analyzed. A system of point particles interacting via an attractive soft Coulomb potential and confined to a spherical container is considered. We observed that for 100--200 particles collapse takes $10^3$ -- $10^4$ particle crossing times to complete, i. e., it is by 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than velocity relaxation. In addition, it is found that the collapse time decreases rapidly with the increase of the softcore radius. We found that such an anomalously long collapse time is caused by the slow energy exchange between a higher-temperature compact core and relatively cold diluted halo. The rate of energy exchange between the faster modes of the core particles and slower-moving particles of the halo is exponentially small in the ratio of the frequencies of these modes. As the softcore radius increases, and the typical core modes become slower, the ratio of core and halo frequencies decreases and the collapse accelerates. Implications to astrophysical systems and phase transition kinetics are discussed.