Global structure of Bose-Einstein condensates at high rotation: Beyond the lowest Landau level description

TL;DR

This paper investigates the global density profiles of rapidly rotating Bose-Einstein condensates, showing that the lowest Landau level approximation is insufficient for describing the overall structure in experimental conditions, especially at high interactions.

Contribution

The authors introduce a variational approach that extends the lowest Landau level wave function to better describe the global density profile of rotating BECs, highlighting the limitations of previous models.

Findings

Global density profile transitions from Gaussian to Thomas-Fermi shape with increased interactions.

Lowest Landau level approximation is inadequate for global structure in current experiments.

A new criterion for the validity of the lowest Landau level wave function is proposed.

Abstract

We study the global density profile of a rapidly rotating Bose-Einstein condensate in a harmonic trap with transverse frequency $\omega_{\perp}$. By introducing an additional variational degree of freedom to the lowest Landau level wave function, we demonstrate that with increasing strength of the interparticle interaction, the global density profile changes from a Gaussian to the inverted parabolic one characteristic of Thomas-Fermi theory. The criterion for the lowest Landau level wave function to be a good approximation for the global structure is that the mean field energy be small compared with $\hbar \omega_{\perp}/N_{\rm v}$, where $N_{\rm v}$ is the number of vortices in the cloud. This condition is more stringent than the requirement that the mean field energy be small compared with $\hbar \omega_{\perp}$ which is necessary for the lowest Landau level wave function to be a good approximation to the local structure. Our results show that the lowest Landau level wave function is inappropriate for the global structure of the system realized in recent experiments even though this wave function can describe the local structure well.