Observation of deviations from ideal gas thermodynamics in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensed gas

TL;DR

This study experimentally investigates finite-temperature properties of a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate, revealing deviations from ideal gas behavior and providing evidence of interactions between condensed and thermal components using advanced measurement techniques.

Contribution

First experimental observation of deviations from ideal gas thermodynamics in a trapped BEC, demonstrating mutual interactions and employing coherent Bragg scattering for low-temperature analysis.

Findings

Deviations from ideal-gas thermodynamics observed

Mutual interaction between condensed and thermal components confirmed

Reliable temperature measurements down to 0.2 T_c^0 and thermal fractions as low as 10%

Abstract

We have investigated experimentally the finite-temperature properties of a Bose-Einstein condensed cloud of $^{87}$Rb atoms in a harmonic trap. Focusing primarily on condensed fraction and expansion energy, we measure unambiguous deviations from ideal-gas thermodynamics, and obtain good agreement with a Hartree-Fock description of the mixed cloud. Our results offer for the first time clear evidence of the mutual interaction between the condensed and thermal components. To probe the low-temperature region unaccessible to the usual time-of-flight technique, we use coherent Bragg scattering as a filtering technique for the condensate. This allows us to separate spatially the condensed and normal components in time of flight, and to measure reliably temperatures as low as $0.2 T_{\rm c}^0$ and thermal fractions as low as 10%.Finally, we observe evidence for the limitations of the usual image analysis procedure, pointing out to the need for a more elaborate model of the expansion of the mixed cloud.