The $sl_2$ loop algebra symmetry of the twisted transfer matrix of the six vertex model at roots of unity

TL;DR

This paper reveals an $sl_2$ loop algebra symmetry in the twisted transfer matrix of the six-vertex model at roots of unity, explaining spectral degeneracies and extending symmetry understanding to various boundary conditions and odd site chains.

Contribution

It explicitly demonstrates the $sl_2$ loop algebra symmetry for the twisted transfer matrix of the six-vertex model at roots of unity, including for odd number of sites and different boundary conditions.

Findings

Operators generate $sl_2$ loop algebra symmetry.

Spectral degeneracies are explained by this symmetry.

Connections to combinatorial formulas and the eight-vertex model are established.

Abstract

We discuss a family of operators which commute or anti-commute with the twisted transfer matrix of the six-vertex model at $q$ being roots of unity: $q^{2N}=1$. The operators commute with the Hamiltonian of the XXZ spin chain under the twisted boundary conditions, and they are valid also for the inhomogeneous case. For the case of the anti-periodic boundary conditions, we show explicitly that the operators generate the $sl_2$ loop algebra in the sector of the total spin operator $S^Z \equiv N/2 ({\rm mod} N)$. The infinite-dimensional symmetry leads to exponentially-large spectral degeneracies, as shown for the periodic boundary conditions \cite{DFM}. Furthermore, we derive explicitly the $sl_2$ loop algebra symmetry for the periodic XXZ spin chain with an odd number of sites in the sector $S^Z \equiv N/2 ({\rm mod} N)$ when $q$ is a primitive $N$ th root of unity with $N$ odd. Interestingly, in the case of N=3, various conjectures of combinatorial formulas for the XXZ spin chain with odd-sites have been given \cite{Odd,Razumov,BGN,GBNM}. We also note a connection to the spectral degeneracies of the eight-vertex model.