Oscillations of Bose-Einstein condensates with vortex lattices. II. Finite temperatures

TL;DR

This paper derives the finite temperature oscillation modes of a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate with vortex lattices, analyzing their behavior, coupling, damping, and potential for experimental measurement to understand quasiparticle-vortex interactions.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed hydrodynamic model for finite temperature oscillations in rotating BECs with vortex lattices, including damping effects and mode coupling.

Findings

In-phase and counter-phase oscillations are identified and characterized.

Viscosity couples the oscillation modes, affecting their dynamics.

Mutual friction causes damping, which varies with friction strength.

Abstract

We derive the finite temperature oscillation modes of a harmonically confined Bose-Einstein condensed gas undergoing rigid body rotation supported by a vortex lattice in the condensate. The hydrodynamic modes separate into two classes corresponding to in-phase (center-of-mass) and counter-phase (relative) oscillations of the thermal cloud and the condensate. The in- and counter-phase oscillations are independent of each other in the case where the thermal cloud is inviscid for all modes studied, except the radial pulsations which couple them because the pressure perturbations of the condensate and the thermal cloud are governed by different adiabatic indices. If the thermal cloud is viscous, the two classes of oscillations are coupled, i.e. each type of motion involves simultaneously mass and entropy currents. The counter-phase oscillations are damped by the mutual friction between the condensate and the thermal cloud mediated by the vortex lattice. The damping is large for the values of the drag-to-lift ratio of the order of unity and becomes increasingly ineffective in either limit of small or large friction. An experimental measurement of a subset of these oscillation modes and their damping rates can provide information on the values of the phenomenological mutual friction coefficients, and hence the quasiparticle-vortex scattering processes in dilute atomic Bose gases.