Energy and structure of dilute hard- and soft-sphere gases

TL;DR

This paper systematically studies the energy and structure of dilute hard- and soft-sphere Bose gases using various many-body approaches, comparing results with diffusion Monte Carlo, and analyzing the effects of potential shape and correlations.

Contribution

It demonstrates the effectiveness of Jastrow correlations and the uniform limit approximation in describing dilute Bose gases, highlighting potential shape dependence at low gas parameters.

Findings

Jastrow correlations with energy functional minimization yield accurate results.

Energy depends on potential shape at low gas parameters (~0.001).

Structural functions show correlation effects at all gas parameters.

Abstract

The energy and structure of dilute hard- and soft-sphere Bose gases are systematically studied in the framework of several many-body approaches, as the variational correlated theory, the Bogoliubov model and the uniform limit approximation, valid in the weak interaction regime. When possible, the results are compared with the exact diffusion Monte Carlo ones. A Jastrow type correlation provides a good description of the systems, both hard- and soft-spheres, if the hypernetted chain energy functional is freely minimized and the resulting Euler equation is solved. The study of the soft-spheres potentials confirms the appearance of a dependence of the energy on the shape of the potential at gas paremeter values of $x \sim 0.001$. For quantities other than the energy, such as the radial distribution functions and the momentum distributions, the dependence appears at any value of $x$. The occurrence of a maximum in the radial distribution function, in the momentum distribution and in the excitation spectrum is a natural effect of the correlations when $x$ increases. The asymptotic behaviors of the functions characterizing the structure of the systems are also investigated. The uniform limit approach results very easy to implement and provides a good description of the soft-sphere gas. Its reliability improves when the interaction weakens.