Shearing of loose granular materials: A statistical mesoscopic model

TL;DR

This paper introduces a statistical mesoscopic model for shear band formation in granular materials, revealing slow compaction, patterning, and glassy dynamics with system-size effects.

Contribution

It presents a novel two-dimensional lattice model capturing shear band evolution and complex density fluctuations in granular media.

Findings

Shear bands localize along extremal paths on the lattice.

System exhibits slow compaction and pattern formation.

System shows glassy dynamics with long-lived metastable states.

Abstract

A two-dimensional lattice model for the formation and evolution of shear bands in granular media is proposed. Each lattice site is assigned a random variable which reflects the local density. At every time step, the strain is localized along a single shear-band which is a spanning path on the lattice chosen through an extremum condition. The dynamics consists of randomly changing the `density' of the sites only along the shear band, and then repeating the procedure of locating the extremal path and changing it. Starting from an initially uncorrelated density field, it is found that this dynamics leads to a slow compaction along with a non-trivial patterning of the system, with high density regions forming which shelter long-lived low-density valleys. Further, as a result of these large density fluctuations, the shear band which was initially equally likely to be found anywhere on the lattice, gets progressively trapped for longer and longer periods of time. This state is however meta-stable, and the system continues to evolve slowly in a manner reminiscent of glassy dynamics. Several quantities have been studied numerically which support this picture and elucidate the unusual system-size effects at play.