Field dependent permittivity of composite materials containing ferromagnetic wires

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the effective permittivity of ferromagnetic wire composites varies with an external magnetic field, revealing potential for tunable electromagnetic applications through the magneto-impedance effect.

Contribution

It introduces a new integro-differential equation for current distribution in ferromagnetic wires and demonstrates field-controlled permittivity tuning in composites.

Findings

Effective permittivity can become negative near resonance.

External magnetic field alters dispersion from resonant to relaxation.

Magnetic field sensitivity enables design of tunable composites.

Abstract

The effective permittivity of composites containing ferromagnetic microwires has been analysed within a one-particle approximation, by considering a wire piece as an independent scatterer and solving the scattering problem with the impedance boundary condition. A new integro-differential equation for the current distribution in a wire is obtained, which is valid for the surface impedance matrix of a general form. In the vicinity of the antenna resonance, the dispersion behaviour of the effective permittivity can depend strongly on a dc external magnetic field applied to the whole composite sample, experiencing a transformation from a resonant spectrum to a relaxation one. If the resonance-like dispersion behaviour is realised, the real part of the effective permittivity can be made negative past the resonance for sufficiently small wire-inclusion concentrations (well below the percolation threshold). Applying a dc external magnetic field, the negative peak of the real part of effective permittivity continuously decreases as the dispersion tends to become of a relaxation type. The magnetic field required to cause these changes in the effective permittivity is of the order of the anisotropy field, that is, in the range of few Oe for Co-based microwires. The field dependence of the effective permittivity arises from a high sensitivity of the ac surface impedance of a ferromagnetic wire to a magnetic field (known as the magneto-impedance (MI) effect). This work demonstrates a possibility of using the MI effect to design field-controlled composites and band-gap structures. Another range of applications is related to tuneable waveguides where the composite material is used as an additional field-dependent cover.