Sandpile formation by revolving rivers

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a new sandpile formation mechanism involving a revolving river of sand, which leads to different pile surface features depending on size, and provides a scaling explanation for the observed behavior.

Contribution

It introduces a novel mechanism of sandpile growth via a revolving river, with experimental observations and a simple scaling model explaining the phenomena.

Findings

Revolving river causes sandpile growth with a rotating flow.

Small piles have steady, smooth surfaces; larger piles show intermittent, undulating surfaces.

Revolution frequency scales with pile size.

Abstract

Experimental observation of a new mechanism of sandpile formation is reported. As a steady stream of dry sand is poured onto a horizontal surface, a pile forms which has a thin river of sand on one side flowing from the apex of the pile to the edge of its base. The river rotates about the pile, depositing a new layer of sand with each revolution, thereby growing the pile. For small piles the river is steady and the pile formed is smooth. For larger piles, the river becomes intermittent and the surface of the pile becomes undulating. The frequency of revolution of the river is measured as the pile grows and the results are explained with a simple scaling argument. The essential features of the system that produce the phenomena are discussed.