Mainshocks are aftershocks of conditional foreshocks: How do foreshock statistical properties emerge from aftershock laws

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the inverse Omori law for foreshocks naturally emerges from the direct Omori law for aftershocks within a triggering model, explaining observed seismic patterns and their statistical properties.

Contribution

It provides a unified model showing foreshocks as conditioned aftershock sequences, linking their statistical properties to aftershock laws and seismic activity conditioning.

Findings

Foreshocks are statistically conditioned aftershock sequences.

The inverse Omori law arises from the direct Omori law under conditioning.

Foreshock migration mirrors aftershock diffusion in space.

Abstract

The inverse Omori law for foreshocks discovered in the 1970s states that the rate of earthquakes prior to a mainshock increases on average as a power law ~ 1/(t_c-t)^p' of the time to the mainshock occurring at t_c. Here, we show that this law results from the direct Omori law for aftershocks describing the power law decay ~ 1/(t-t_c)^p of seismicity after an earthquake, provided that any earthquake can trigger its suit of aftershocks. In this picture, the seismic activity at any time is the sum of the spontaneous tectonic loading and of the activity triggered by all preceding events weighted by their corresponding Omori law. The inverse Omori law then emerges as the expected (in a statistical sense) trajectory of seismicity, conditioned on the fact that it leads to the burst of seismic activity accompanying the mainshock. The often documented apparent decrease of the b-value of the GR law at the approach to the main shock results straightforwardly from the conditioning of the path of seismic activity culminating at the mainshock. In the space domain, we predict that the phenomenon of aftershock diffusion must have its mirror process reflected into an inward migration of foreshocks towards the mainshock. In this model, foreshock sequences are special aftershock sequences which are modified by the condition to end up in a burst of seismicity associated with the mainshock.