Space-time evolution of electron cascades in diamond

TL;DR

This paper models the space-time evolution of electron cascades in diamond, revealing their dynamics, ionization rates, and spatial distribution, and justifies the independent-electron approximation for such processes.

Contribution

The study introduces a Monte-Carlo model explicitly incorporating diamond's band structure to simulate electron cascades, providing detailed insights into their evolution and justifying the independent-electron approximation.

Findings

Ionization rates of 5-13 electrons in 100 fs match experimental limits.

Electron clouds are initially anisotropic and become isotropic over time.

Maximal cascade radius reaches about 150 Å at 90 fs.

Abstract

Here we describe model calculations to follow the spatio-temporal evolution of secondary electron cascades in diamond. The band structure of the insulator has been explicitly incorporated into the calculations as it affects ionizations from the valence band. A Monte-Carlo model was constructed to describe the path of electrons following the impact of a single electron of energy E 250 eV. The results show the evolution of the secondary electron cascades in terms of the number of electrons liberated, the spatial distribution of these electrons, and the energy distribution among the electrons as a function of time. The predicted ionization rates (5-13 electrons in 100 fs) lie within the limits given by experiments and phenomenological models. Calculation of the local electron density and the corresponding Debye length shows that the latter is systematically larger than the radius of the electron cloud. This means that the electron gas generated does not represent a plasma in a single impact cascade triggered by an electron of E 250 eV energy. This is important as it justifies the independent-electron approximation used in the model. At 1 fs, the (average) spatial distribution of secondary electrons is anisotropic with the electron cloud elongated in the direction of the primary impact. The maximal radius of the cascade is about 50 A at this time. As the system cools, energy is distributed more equally, and the spatial distribution of the electron cloud becomes isotropic. At 90 fs maximal radius is about 150 A. The Monte-Carlo model described here could be adopted for the investigation of radiation damage in other insulators and has implications for planned experiments with intense femtosecond X-ray sources.