Vortices in vibrated granular rods

TL;DR

This study experimentally investigates vortex formation in vibrated granular rods, revealing that vertical domains and vortices emerge under certain conditions, influenced by packing, vibration parameters, and rod inclination.

Contribution

It introduces a void filling model for domain growth and demonstrates the role of rod inclination and vibration direction in vortex formation.

Findings

Vortices form above a critical packing fraction.

Vortex size increases with the number of rods.

Vortex rotation depends on vibration velocity and packing.

Abstract

We report the experimental observation of novel vortex patterns in vertically vibrated granular rods. Above a critical packing fraction, moving ordered domains of nearly vertical rods spontaneously form and coexist with horizontal rods. The domains of vertical rods coarsen in time to form large vortices. We investigate the conditions under which the vortices occur by varying the number of rods, vibration amplitude and frequency. The size of the vortices increases with the number of rods. We characterize the growth of the ordered domains by measuring the area fraction of the ordered regions as a function of time. A {\em void filling} model is presented to describe the nucleation and growth of the vertical domains. We track the ends of the vertical rods and obtain the velocity fields of the vortices. The rotation speed of the rods is observed to depend on the vibration velocity of the container and on the packing. To investigate the impact of the direction of driving on the observed phenomena, we performed experiments with the container vibrated horizontally. Although vertical domains form, vortices are not observed. We therefore argue that the motion is generated due to the interaction of the inclination of the rods with the bottom of a vertically vibrated container. We also perform simple experiments with a single row of rods in an annulus. These experiments directly demonstrate that the rod motion is generated when the rods are inclined from the vertical, and is always in the direction of the inclination.