Ring exchange, the Bose metal, and bosonization in two dimensions

TL;DR

This paper introduces the Bose metal, a stable critical phase in two dimensions characterized by gapless, uncondensed bosons with power-law correlations, modeled via ring exchange on a square lattice, relevant to high-T_c superconductors.

Contribution

It demonstrates the existence of the Bose metal phase in 2D ring exchange models and develops a bosonization framework analogous to 1D, supported by numerical simulations.

Findings

Bose metal exhibits power-law superconducting and charge correlations.

The model provides a middle ground between Mott insulators and fractionalized phases.

Numerical simulations confirm the low energy bosonization description.

Abstract

Motivated by the high-T_c cuprates, we consider a model of bosonic Cooper pairs moving on a square lattice via ring exchange. We show that this model offers a natural middle ground between a conventional antiferromagnetic Mott insulator and the fully deconfined fractionalized phase which underlies the spin-charge separation scenario for high-T_c superconductivity. We show that such ring models sustain a stable critical phase in two dimensions, the *Bose metal*. The Bose metal is a compressible state, with gapless but uncondensed boson and ``vortex'' excitations, power-law superconducting and charge-ordering correlations, and broad spectral functions. We characterize the Bose metal with the aid of an exact plaquette duality transformation, which motivates a universal low energy description of the Bose metal. This description is in terms of a pair of dual bosonic phase fields, and is a direct analog of the well-known one-dimensional bosonization approach. We verify the validity of the low energy description by numerical simulations of the ring model in its exact dual form. The relevance to the high-T_c superconductors and a variety of extensions to other systems are discussed, including the bosonization of a two dimensional fermionic ring model.