Is the Plasma Within Bubbles and Superbubbles Hot or Cold?

TL;DR

This review examines whether plasma inside stellar wind bubbles and superbubbles is hot or cold, highlighting discrepancies between classical theory predictions and observational evidence, and discussing possible explanations for the mixed data.

Contribution

It synthesizes current observational and theoretical understanding, questioning the classical hot plasma model and exploring alternative explanations for the plasma temperature in bubbles.

Findings

X-ray observations are inconsistent with classical hot plasma predictions.

Some bubbles show evidence of cold interior plasma, contradicting classical theory.

Alternative mechanisms like off-center supernovae may influence observed emissions.

Abstract

I review what is known about the temperature of the plasma within stellar wind bubbles and superbubbles. Classical theory suggests that it should be hot, with characteristic temperatures of order a million degrees. This temperature should be set by the balance between heating by the internal termination shocks of the central stellar winds and supernovae, which expand at thousands of km/s, and cooling by conductive evaporation of cold gas off the shell walls. However, if the hot interior gas becomes dense enough due to evaporation or ablation off of interior clouds, it will cool in less than a dynamical time, leading to a cold interior. The observational evidence appears mixed. On the one hand, X-ray emission has been observed from both stellar wind bubbles and superbubbles. On the other hand, no stellar wind bubble or superbubble has yet been observed emitting at the rate predicted by the classical theory: they are either too faint or too bright, by up to an order of magnitude. Alternate explanations have been proposed for the observed emission, including off-center supernova remnants hitting the shell walls of superbubbles, and residual emission from highly-ionized gas out of coronal equilibrium. Furthermore, the structures of post-main sequence stellar wind bubbles, expanding into what are presumably old stellar wind bubbles, appear in at least some cases to show that the bubble interior is cold, not hot. (The classical example of this is NGC 6888.) What is the actual state of bubble and superbubble interiors?