Do we really see a cosmological constant in the supernovae data ?

TL;DR

This paper questions whether current supernova data truly confirm a positive cosmological constant, emphasizing the need for more precise high-redshift observations to distinguish between homogeneous and inhomogeneous universe models.

Contribution

It demonstrates how supernova data can be interpreted to either support a positive cosmological constant or suggest large-scale inhomogeneity, challenging the straightforward conclusion of a positive cosmological constant.

Findings

Current data can be explained by either a positive cosmological constant in a homogeneous universe or inhomogeneity with no constraint on Λ.

Testing large-scale homogeneity requires more accurate high-redshift supernova measurements.

An inhomogeneous model without a cosmological constant can reproduce existing observations.

Abstract

The magnitude-redshift relation is one of the tools for a direct observational approach to cosmology. The discovery of high redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) and their use as ``standard candles'' has resurrected interest in this approach. Recently collected data have been used to address the problem of measuring the cosmological parameters of the universe. Analysed in the framework of homogeneous models, they have yielded, as a primary result, a strictly positive cosmological constant. However, a straight reading of the published measurements, conducted with no a priori idea of which model would best describe our universe at least up to redshifts $z\sim 1$, does not exclude the possibility of ruling out the Cosmological Principle - and cosmological constant - hypotheses. It is therefore shown here how the large scale homogeneity of this part of the universe can be tested on our past light cone, using the magnitude-redshift relation, provided sufficiently accurate data from sources at redshifts approaching $z=1$ would be available. An exemple of an inhomogeneous model with zero cosmological constant reproducing the current observations is given. The presently published SNIa data can thus be interpreted as implying either a strictly positive cosmological constant in a homogeneous universe or large scale inhomogeneity with no constraint on $\Lambda$. An increase in the number and measurement accuracy of the candidate ``standard candles'' at very high redshift is therefore urgently needed, for progress in both fundamental issues of the Cosmological Principle and cosmological constant.