Multiperiodicity in semiregular variables - I. General properties

TL;DR

This study analyzes long-term visual observations of 93 semiregular variables to understand their pulsation modes, revealing multiple period sequences and phenomena like mode switching, thereby clarifying their relationship with Mira variables.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive period analysis of semiregular variables using Fourier and wavelet methods, identifying multiple pulsation modes and their sequences for the first time.

Findings

Identification of three significant period sequences.

Evidence of multiperiodic pulsations with three periods.

Examples of mode switching and amplitude modulation.

Abstract

We present a detailed period analysis for 93 red semiregular variables by means of Fourier and wavelet analyses of long-term visual observations carried out by amateur astronomers. The results of this analysis yield insights into the mode structure of semiregular variables and help to clarify the relationship between them and Mira variables. After collecting all available data from various international databases (AFOEV, VSOLJ, HAA/VSS and AAVSO) we test the accuracy and reliability of data. We compare the averaged and noise-filtered visual light curves with simultaneous photoelectric V-measurements, the effect of the length versus the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio is illustrated by period analysis of artificial data, while binning effects are tested by comparing results of frequency analyses of the unbinned and averaged light curves. The distribution of periods and period ratios is examined through the use of the (log P_0, log P_1) and (log P_1, log P_0/P_1) plots. Three significant and two less obvious sequences are present which could be explained as the direct consequence of different pulsational modes. This hypothesis is supported by the results for multiperiodic variables with three periods. Finally, these space methods are illustrated by several interesting case studies that show the best examples of different special phenomena such as long-term amplitude modulation, amplitude decrease and mode switching.