The Temporal Characteristics of the TeV Gamma-Radiation from Mkn 501 in 1997, I: Data from the Stereoscopic Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope System of HEGRA

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the spectral and temporal variability of TeV gamma-ray emission from Mkn 501 in 1997 using HEGRA telescopes, revealing significant flux variations and correlations with X-ray data, informing jet physics in BL Lac objects.

Contribution

First comprehensive study of Mkn 501's TeV gamma-ray spectral and temporal behavior in 1997 using stereoscopic HEGRA data, including flux, spectra, and X-ray correlations.

Findings

Significant flux variability on daily timescales.

Correlation between TeV gamma-ray and X-ray fluxes.

Spectral characteristics consistent with relativistic jet models.

Abstract

During 1997, the BL Lac Object Mkn 501 was the brightest known object in the TeV gamma-ray sky. The emission was characterized by dramatic variations in intensity with a mean flux exceeding by a factor of three the steady gamma-ray flux of the Crab Nebula. The stereoscopic HEGRA system of 4 Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, with an energy threshold of about 500 GeV, an angular resolution of 0.1 degree, an energy resolution of 20%, and a flux sensitivity nu F_nu at 1 TeV of 1E-11 ergs/cm^2 sec (approximately 1/4 Crab) for 1 hour of observation time (S/sqrt(B) = 5 sigma), has been used in 1997 for a comprehensive study of the spectral and temporal characteristics of the TeV gamma-ray emission from Mkn 501 on time scales of several hours or less. In this paper (Part I) the gamma-ray fluxes and spectra on a diurnal basis during the period March to October 1997 are presented. Furthermore, the correlation of the TeV emission with the flux measured by the RXTE All Sky Monitor in the energy range from 2 to 12 keV are studied. Finally the implications of these results on the physics of relativistic jets in BL Lac objects are briefly discussed. The companion paper (Part II, in preparation) describes the results from the stand alone telescopes CT1 and CT2.