Tests of General Relativity at Large Distances and Dark Matter -

TL;DR

This paper uses gravitational lensing observations of distant quasars and galaxies to test Einstein's General Relativity and Newtonian Gravity over vast galactic and intergalactic distances, confirming their validity and supporting the existence of dark matter.

Contribution

It extends tests of Einstein's theory to intergalactic scales by a factor of 10 orders of magnitude, providing empirical support for dark matter and the theory's weak field limit.

Findings

General Relativity holds over galactic distances

Dark matter presence is supported by lensing data

Tests confirm Einstein's theory beyond solar system scales

Abstract

The most simple observed cases of gravitational lensing of distant quasars and galaxies by galaxies and clusters of galaxies are used to test Einstein's theory of General Relativity and Newtonian Gravity over galactic and intergalactic distances. They extend the distance range over which Newton-Einstein Gravity has been tested by 10 orders of magnitude. Although the precision of the tests are far from the precision of the solar system tests of EGR and those from pulsar timing in close binary systems, they confirm quite accurately the validity of Einstein's General Relativity and its weak field limit, Newtonian Gravity, over galactic and intergalactic distances and the existence of large quantities of dark matter in galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Future observations can improve the accuracy of the tests and reduce the possibilities for systematic errors.