On the General Properties of Matter

TL;DR

This paper proposes a new fundamental force called superweak, unifies forces at the universe's origin, and explains cosmic expansion, galaxy evolution, and quark confinement through a comprehensive classification of matter.

Contribution

It introduces the superweak force as a sixth fundamental interaction, unifies forces in pairs, and provides explanations for cosmic and particle phenomena not addressed before.

Findings

Proposes a new superweak force affecting universe expansion.

Explains galaxy arm formation and evolution.

Suggests quarks are composed of prequarks, the true elementary particles.

Abstract

By means of a general classification of the different kinds of matter of nature form a chain from the world of the subatomic particles to the large bodies of the universe, the galaxies. Then, it proposes a new baryonic force for the universe that is the fifth force which has been proposed in the literature. It explains the universal expansion itself and shows why the expansion must be slowing down at present. This force depends on the ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of protons. Its potential for the Universe is a well. At the bottom of the well the potential is of the form $kx^2$, where $x$ is the separation among the bodies under consideration. It is suggested that Nature has six fundamental forces which are unified in pairs and, therefore, reduced to three at $t=0$. The condition for having a closed universe is found. This new force, called superweak force in this paper, explains also the evolution of galaxies and shows how the arms of spiral galaxies(including barred spirals) are formed. The variation of the Hubble constant with time is shown. It is shown that quarks are formed of prequarks which may be the true elementary particles. The paper also gives a physical explanation for quark confinement. The energies of baryon states are calculated in a simple manner. The paper proposes the existence of four more bosons, one for the superweak interaction and three for the superstrong interaction. The six figures will be sent by mail upon request.